urlmatch: define url_parse function

Define url_parse, a general parsing function that supports all Git URLs
including scp style URLs such as hostname:~user/repo.

It is adapted from the algorithm in connect.c's parse_connect_url
and reuses the shared enum url_scheme and url_get_scheme function
that previous commits made available in url.h. The new parser and
the connect path agree on scheme classification. url_parse has the
same interface as url_normalize and uses the same data structures.

Both functions accept the same URL forms with one deliberate
exception. Bare local paths such as "/abs/path", "./rel"
or "repo" are accepted by parse_connect_url as URL_SCHEME_LOCAL,
but rejected by url_parse because url_normalize requires a URL
with a scheme://host form. A consumer that wants to handle both
URLs and local paths needs to dispatch on url_is_local_not_ssh
before calling url_parse, just as the connect path does internally.

The duplication with parse_connect_url is intentional.
The two functions have different contracts:

  - parse_connect_url

    Calls die() on an unknown scheme
    and returns NUL-terminated host/path
    strings for the connect path

  - url_parse

    Returns NULL on failure while populating
    out_info->err, and exposes components
    as offset/length pairs into the normalized
    URL buffer, matching url_normalize.

Reconciling both is possible, but not in the scope
of the current patch set.

Signed-off-by: Matheus Afonso Martins Moreira <matheus@matheusmoreira.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

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